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BACKGROUND: Exhaustive exercise is a vigorous physical activity performed by an organism beyond its physiological limits, and it causes a series of histological changes in the body. Myocardial exercise-induced oxidative stress injury means that the organism generates free radicals through oxidative stress signal pathway to damage myocardial cells under exhaustive exercise. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of oxidative stress injury in rat myocardium caused by one-time exhaustive exercise based on the protein kinase C (PKC)/ NOX pathway. METHODS: Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, an exhaustive exercise group, and an exhaustive exercise+drug group, with 10 rats in each group. The exhaustive exercise+drug group was injected with PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (5 mg/kg body weight) for 3 consecutive days. Rats in the two exercise groups exercised at a speed of 25 m/min on a 0° incline treadmill until exhaustion. Immediately after exercise, blood sample was collected from each rat, and then the rat’s left ventricle was removed for hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the morphological changes of myocardial cells. Serum and myocardial malondialdehyde and myocardial reactive oxygen species levels were detected. The protein expressions of PKC, NOX2, NOX4 and 3-NT in rat myocardial tissue were determined by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The myocardial tissues in the exhaustive exercise and exhaustive exercise+drug groups were damaged, but the damage was significantly eased in the exhaustive exercise+drug group compared with the exhaustive exercise group. Compared with the control group, the reactive oxygen species level in the myocardial tissue of the exhaustive exercise group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the content of malondialdehyde in the myocardial tissues of the exhaustive exercise and exhaustive exercise+drug groups was significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the concentration of serum malondialdehyde in the exhaustive exercise group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression levels of PKC, NOX2, NOX4 and 3-NT proteins in the myocardium of rats after exhaustive exercise were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the exhaustive exercise group, the expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4 in the myocardial tissue of rats significantly decreased in the exhaustive exercise+drug group (P < 0.01), and the expression of 3-NT significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Therefore, one-time exhaustive exercise can activate PKC and increase its protein expression in rat myocardial cells, which in turn induces an increase in the expression of NOX2 and NOX4 proteins in the myocardium, catalyzes the generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species, and leads to the excessive production of peroxynitrite anions, thereby causing oxidative damage to the myocardium.
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BACKGROUND; At present, the mechanism of exercise preconditioning for myocardial protection has not been fully elucidated. It is reported that Rho/ROCK pathway plays a key role in cardiovascular disease. Whether exercise preconditioning adapts to the myocardium through the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway remains to be studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of exercise preconditioning in rats with myocardial injury after exhaustive exercise. METHODS: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats of 5 weeks old were randomly divided into three groups: Control group, simple exhaustive exercise group (EE group), and exercise preconditioning group after exhaustive exercise (EP+EE group). At 1 hour after modeling, a serum sample from each rat was taken for biochemical analysis. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, phosphocreatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were detected. Myocardial tissue samples from each rat were taken for pathological observation using hematoxylin-alkaline reddish-picric acid staining. TUNEL method was used to observe apoptosis in the myocardial tissue. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-10 in the myocardial tissue were detected by ELISA. The expression of RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, phosphocreatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase of the EE group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, phosphocreatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase of the EP+EE group were significantly lower than those of the EE group (P < 0.05). The boundary of cardiomyocytes was unclear in the EE group, in which there were more plaque-like or flaky red-like areas as well as more obvious ischemia-anoxia changes as compared with the control group. Some cardiomyocytes presented with unclear boundary in the EP+EE group with some plaque-like brilliant red-like areas, and the degree of ischemia and anoxemia was significantly lower in the EP+EE group than the EE group. The apoptotic index value of the EE group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the apoptotic index value of the EP+EE group was significantly lower than that of the EE group (P< 0.05). The tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-10 levels in the EE group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-10 levels in the EP+EE group were significantly lower than those in the EE group (P < 0.05). The Bcl-2/Bax of the EE group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The Bcl-2/Bax of the EP+EE group was significantly higher than that of the EE group (P < 0.05). The levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the EE group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the EP+EE group were significantly lower than those in the EE group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that exercise preconditioning has a protective effect against myocardial injury and improves cardiac function in rats. The mechanism may be related to the Rho/ROCK pathway.
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BACKGROUND: The physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response of rat brain tissue caused by exhaustive exercise are very complicated. Studies have shown that Pueraria total flavonoids have anti-oxidative, neuroprotective, and cardio-cerebrovascular protective effects against brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Pueraria total flavone on inflammatory cytokines and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) expression in rat brain tissue after exhaustive exercise. METHODS: Fifty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a quiet control group, an exercise control group, low, middle, high dose Pueraria total flavone groups. Each training group conducted a 6-week sports training. At the end of 6-week exercise, the rats were confirmed to be exhausted. The rats were intragastrically administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg Pueraria total flavone in low, middle and high dose groups, respectively. Administration in each Pueraria total flavone group began at 30 minutes before exercise, once a day, and ended until the completion of the experiment. The activities of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8, interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 in serum and brain tissue of rats were determined by ELISA. The expression of STAT3 in rat brain tissue was detected by RT-PCR and western blot. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi Normal University (approval No. GXMU201703049). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8, interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 in serum and brain tissue of exercise control rats were higher than those in the quiet control group (P < 0.01). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 in serum and brain tissue of rats with middle and high dose of Pueraria total flavone were significantly lower than those in the exercise control group (P < 0.01). The levels of interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β in serum and brain tissue of rats with low, middle and high dose of Pueraria total flavone were significantly lower than those in the exercise control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The expression levels of STAT3 mRNA and protein in brain tissue of exercise control rats were significantly higher than those in the quiet control group (P < 0.01). The expression levels of STAT3 mRNA and protein in the brain tissue of rats with low, middle and high doses of Pueraria total flavone were significantly higher than those in the quiet control group (P < 0.01). To conclude, exhaustive exercise can cause inflammatory reaction and up-regulate STAT3 expression in rat brain tissue. The total flavonoids of Puerariae can regulate the expression of STAT3 in brain tissues and inhibit the inflammatory response of brain tissue, thus protecting damaged brain tissue.
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Objective: To observe the effects of moxibustion at Shenshu (BL 23), Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenque (CV 8) on the energy metabolism and endocrine metabolism indicators of rats undergoing one-time exhaustive swimming, and to explore the differences between moxibustion at different points in the effects on anti-exercise fatigue. Methods: Forty-eight male SPF rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a non-meridian and non-acupoint group, a Shenshu (BL 23) group, a Zusanli (ST 36) group, and a Shenque (CV 8) group using random number table method, with eight rats in each group. Except for the blank group, rats in the other groups were subjected to replicating the one-time exhaustive model using the weight-bearing swimming experiment. Except for the model group, the other model rats received mild moxibustion immediately after swimming. Rats in the non-meridian and non-acupoint group received mild moxibustion at bilateral subcostal non-meridian and non-acupoint points, those in the Shenshu (BL 23) group received mild moxibustion at bilateral Shenshu (BL 23), those in the Zusanli (ST 36) group received mild moxibustion at bilateral Zusanli (ST 36), and those in the Shenque (CV 8) group received mild moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) for 15 min. Four hours after the exhaustive swimming, femoral artery blood was collected to detect blood lactate (BLA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) levels, and calculate the T/C ratio. Results: Compared with the blank group, rat's serum levels of BLA, LDH, CK, BUN and C in the model group and the non-meridian and non-acupoint group were increased, and serum levels of CRE and T, and T/C ratios were decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05); compared with the model group and the non-meridian and non-acupoint group, the serum levels of BLA, LDH, CK, BUN and C in the Shenshu (BL 23) group, Zusanli (ST 36) group and Shenque (CV 8) group were decreased, and the serum CRE and T levels, and the T/C ratios were increased (all P<0.01); compared with the Shenshu (BL 23) group, the serum CK level was decreased in the Shenque (CV 8) group (P<0.01), the serum levels of T and C were decreased in the Zusanli (ST 36) group and Shenque (CV 8) group (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the T/C ratio was increased in the Shenque (CV 8) group (P<0.01); compared with the Zusanli (ST 36) group, the serum CK and BUN levels were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the T/C ratio was increased in the Shenque (CV 8) group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Moxibustion at Shenshu (BL 23), Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenque (CV 8) shows different anti-fatigue effects by regulating the energy metabolism and endocrine metabolism in rats undergoing one-time exhaustive swimming. Moxibustion at Shenshu (BL 23) is better in promoting energy synthesis. Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) is more effective in regulating synthesis and decomposition of the skeletal muscle proteins.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on the immune system in rats with different levels of exhaustive exercise.Methods:Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a blank group (n=8),an exhaustive group (n=24),and a moxibustion group (n=24).The exhaustive group was randomly divided into a 1-time exhaustive group,a 4-time exhaustive group and a 7-time exhaustive group,with 8 rats in each group.According to the treatment time,the moxibustion group was randomly divided into a 1-time moxibustion group,a 4-time moxibustion group and a 7-time moxibustion group,with 8 rats in each group.Rats in the exhaustive groups and the moxibustion groups were subjected to replicating the exhaustive swimming models.Rats in each moxibustion group received mild moxibustion for 15 min immediately after the exhaustive modeling,once every other day.Twenty-four hours after the corresponding exhaustive exercise,the rats in each group were tested for the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G,IgA,IgM and acid phosphatase (ACP),and the morphological changes of spleen tissues were observed.The level of IgA was detected by immunoturbidimetric assay,and the levels of IgG,IgM and ACP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:Compared with the 1-time exhaustive group,swimming time of rats in the 4-time exhaustive group was significantly prolonged (P＜0.01),and swimming time of rats in the 7-time exhaustive group was significantly shortened (P＜0.01).Compared with the 7-time exhaustive group,exhaustive swimming time of rats in the 7-time moxibustion group was significantly prolonged (P＜0.01).Compared with the blank group,the IgG level in the 1-time exhaustive group was significantly decreased (P＜0.01),and the levels of IgG,IgA and IgM in the 4-time exhaustive group and the 7-time exhaustive group were all significantly decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while the ACP level was increased significantly (both P＜0.01).Microscopically,the number of splenic corpuscles in the 1-time exhaustive group was reduced;the center of some splenic corpuscles in the 4-time exhaustive group was damaged;the number of splenic corpuscles in the 7-time exhaustive group was reduced,and there was no obvious germinal center.Compared with the 4-time exhaustive group,the IgA level in the 4-time moxibustion group was significantly increased (P＜0.01),and the ACP level was significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Compared with the 7-time exhaustive group,the levels of IgG,IgA and IgM in the 7-time moxibustion group were significantly increased (all P＜0.01),and the ACP level was significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Microscopically,the number of splenic corpuscles in the 1-time moxibustion group was reduced;the center of some splenic corpuscles in the 4-time moxibustion group was damaged together with hyperplasia of some splenic corpuscles;blast cells were proliferated in the center of some splenic corpuscles in the 7-time moxibustion group.Conclusion:Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) can improve the levels of igG,igA and igM,reduce the ACP level,repair damaged spleen tissues,and enhance the immunity of the body to some extent in the long-term fatigue rats.
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Objective To analyze the protective effect of tanshinone Ⅱ A sodium sulfonate on rat skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise in high temperature environment.Methods Ninety rats were divided into the observation group,blank group and control group,30 cases in each group.The rats in the blank group received no intervention,while which in the observation group and control group received the exhaustive exercise intervention under high temperature environment.The rate in the control group was injected with 8 mg/kg normal saline by femoral vein at 5 h after exhaustive exercise under high temperature environment,while which in the observation group was injected with 40 mg/kg tanshinone Ⅱ A sodium sulfonate by femoral vein.The arterial blood in each group was collected by tail vein before killing the rat,and the right leg gastroc nemius muscle of each group was removed and frozen.The serum CK,LDH activity,TNF-alpha,IL-6,IL-1β,MDA,SOD and GSH-PX levels in skeletal muscles were examined.The rat skeletal muscle samples were conducted the HE staining for observing the morphological change.Results The levels of serum TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β and activity of CK and LDH in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while higher than those in the blank group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The skeletal muscle MDA,SOD and GSH-PX levels had statistical difference between the observation group and other two groups (P＜0.05).The skeletal muscle structure was disordered,and the distribution of muscle nuclei was uneven.The structure of rat skeletal muscle in the blank group was normal,and the muscle nuclei were evenly distributed.The morphology and structure of skeletal muscle in the observation group were normal,but the distribution of muscle nuclei was slightly uneven.Conclusion Tanshinone Ⅱ A sodium sulfonate can effectively protect skeletalmuscle after exhaustive exercise inhigh temperature environment.
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Objective To study the effect of contusion and exhaustive exercise on satellite cells' activation and Pax7/CBF1/DAPT contents in skeletal muscles of rats,and reveal the repair mechanism of the skeletal muscle injury.Methods Twenty-four seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into a control(C)group,an immediately after exhaustive exercise(E0)group,a 24 hours after exhaustive exercise(E24)group and a 48 hours after exhaustive exercise(E48)group,each of 6.Other 18 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,6 rats in each group:an immediately after contusion group(D0),a 24h post-contusion group(D24)and a 48h post-contusion group(D48).All groups were killed at different time points after exhaustive exercise and the contusion respectively while the control group was at resting state,and their serum was extracted.The right gastrocnemius muscles were resected and divided into 2 parts:one was used immediately for culturing satellite cells,while the other was stored in the bridge at-80℃.All the serum and gastrocnemius muscles were tested for Pax7,CBF1 and DAPT contents using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Moreover,three-day-old newborn rats were also slaughtered for the above experiment.Results The results of culture in vitro showed that one day after the culture began a small amount of spindle satellite cells could be seen in the newborn rats,but the satellite cells of other groups were growing slowly.However,on the third day and the fifth day,the spindle satellite cells of each group began to proliferate in quantity and reached the peak.Then all the satellite cells had a good proliferation until the seventh day after serial passage,and some patial fusions to microtubules occurred.The biggest cell number and proliferation rate was in newborn rats,but no skeletal muscle satellite cell was found in the control group.At the same time,the number and the proliferation rate of skeletal muscle satellite cells in contusion groups were significantly higher than the exhaustive exercise groups.The results of Elisa showed that the contents of CBF1 and Pax7 in skeletal muscles in exhaustive groups and contusion groups,were significantly upregulated,compared to the control group(P＜0.05).Amomg them,the CBF1 content in group D0,together with the Pax7 content in group D24 and D48,was significantly higher than that of the other groups(P＜0.05).On the other hand,the content of DAPT in skeletal muscles of exhaustive groups and contusion groups,compared to the control group,was significantly downregulated (P＜0.05).To be more specific,the value of group D0 was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P＜0.05).However,there was no significant difference in it among group E0,E24 and E48.Conclusions Contusion and exhaustive exercise can activate the skeletal muscle satellite cells to proliferate and differentiate.The number of activated skeletal muscle satellite cells in the contusion groups is significantly larger than that of exhaustive groups maybe due to the stronger stimulating by contusion.Both contusion and exhaustive exercise increase the contents of Pax7 and CBF1 in skeletal muscles,but decrease that of DAPT.The Pax7 and CBF1 may play a positive regulating role in terms of activating skeletal satellite cells and repairing skeletal muscle injury,while DAPT may play a negative regulating role.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on free radical metabolism in rat's hippocampus after different degrees of exhaustive exercise.Methods:A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a normal group (n=8),a model group (n=32) and a moxibustion group (n=32).According to the times of modeling or treatment,the model group was further randomly divided into different subgroups of a 1-time model subgroup,a 4-time model subgroup,a 7-time model subgroup and a 10-time model subgroup (n=8);the moxibustion group was also further randomly divided into different subgroups of a 1-time moxibustion subgroup,a 4-time moxibustion subgroup,a 7-time moxibustion subgroup and a 10-time moxibustion subgroup (n=8).Rats in both model and moxibustion subgroups were subjected to establishing the swimming exhaustive model.Rats in each moxibustion subgroup received mild moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) for 15 min immediately after modeling,once every other day.The concentration of malic dialdehyde (MDA),as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in rat's hippocampus in each group were detected 24 h after the exhaustive exercise.Results:Compared with the 1-time model subgroup,the exhaustive swimming time of rats was significantly prolonged in the 4-time model subgroup (P＜0.01),while it was significantly shortened in the 7-time and 10-time model subgroups (both P＜0.01).Compared with the matched model subgroup,the exhaustive swimming time of rats in the 7-time and 10-time moxibustion subgroups was significantly prolonged (both P＜0.01).Compared with the normal group,the MDA concentration was increased significantly (P＜0.01),and the activities stress response of SOD and T-AOC were increased in the 1-time model subgroup (both P＜0.05);the MDA concentration was increased (all P＜0.01),and the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC were decreased differently (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in the 4-time,7-time and 10-time model subgroups.Compared with the matched model subgroup,the concentration of MDA was significantly reduced (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),and the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC were significantly increased in the 4-time,7-time and 10-time moxibustion subgroups (all P＜0.01).Conclusion:Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) can improve the fatigue status of the body after long-term exhaustive exercise by regulating free radical metabolism in rat's hippocampus.To some extent,this provides an experimental basis for moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) against exercise-induced fatigue.
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By increasing the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes,salidroside elevates myocardial contraction,and by up-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase expression,and down-regulation ofcalcineurin expression to promote Ca2+ return to sarcoplasmic reticulum,salidroside obstructs Ca2+ overload-induced myocardial injury,and improves heart function.Salidroside inhibits lipid peroxidation,and increases activities of enzymatic antioxidants in heart tissue,and inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokines,and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening,thus blocks myocardial apoptosis,by anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation;salidroside improves myocardial ischemia by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression to promote angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium;salidroside improves respiratory function of mitochondria in myocardium by stimulating PGC-1 αt-NRF-1/NRF-2 signaling pathway to produce finally cardioprotective effect.These effects of salidroside are thought that are major mechanism of antagonizing cardiac injury induced by hypoxia,ischemia,ischemic-reperfusion,exhaustive exercise,chemicals,and biologic toxin.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on fatigue in rats with chronic exercise-induced exhaustion. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group and a moxibustion group, 10 rats in each group. Except rats in the blank group, the remaining rats were subjected to create long-term exhaustion models by repeated swimming. After successful modeling, rats in the moxibustion group received mild moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) for 15 min, once every other day with a total of 10 times. Rats in the model group and the blank group did not receive moxibustion. At the end of the treatment, the exhausted times, and the body weight of rats before and after the experiment were compared among groups. The levels of blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and urea nitrogen (BUN), as well as the activities of aspartate transarninase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also measured by the automatic biochemical analyzer, 24 h after the exhausting excise. Results: The 10th swimming time was significantly longer in the moxibustion group than that in the model group (P<0.01). The increase rate of the body weight was lower in the rats of the moxibustion group than that in the model group before the 7th and the 10th exhausting excise (P<0.05, P<0.01). The levels of serum MDA and BUN, as well as the activities of AST, ALT and LDH in the model group were higher than those in the blank group (all P<0.01). The levels of serum MDA and BUN, as well as the activities of AST, ALT and LDH in the moxibustion group were lower than those in the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) can decrease the serum levels of MDA and BUN, as well as activities of AST, ALT and LDH in the long-term fatigue rats, thus to improve the symptoms of fatigue.
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Objective To explore the effects of Acer truncatum oil on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in rats after exhaustive exercise to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of sports injury by Acer truncatum oil.Methods Thirty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (A,normal diet + saline every day),exhaustive group (B,normal diet + saline daily) and exhaustive with Acer truncatum oil group (C,0.21 mL/kg daily Acer truncatum oil gavage),6 weeks later,the rats performed once exhaustive swimming exercise,then the creatine kinase (CK),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),cytokine interleukin (IL-1β,IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum;malondialdehyde (MDA) homogenate reduction glutathione (GSH),superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in muscle were measured.Results After exhaustive exercise,when compared with the group A,the serum levels of CK,LDH,IL-1,TNF-α and IL-10 were significantly higher than in the group B(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.05),IL-10/ TNF-α ratio had no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05),the level of MDA in gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly (P＜0.05),GSH level and GSH-PX activity decreased significantly (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),SOD and CAT activity were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).when compared with the group B,serum CK,LDH level and IL-1 β,TNF-α were significantly decreased (P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.05),IL-10 had no statistical significance (P＞0.05),a significant increase in IL-10/TNF-α(P＜0.05),the level of MDA of gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly (P＜0.05),the level of GSH and SOD,CAT and GSH-PX were significantly increased (P＜0,01,P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion Acer truncatum oil can significantly reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction caused by the exhaustive exercise,which has a protective effect on skeletal muscle.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of preventative moxibustion on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in myocardial tissue in rats with exhaustive exercise, and to explore the action mechanism of preventative moxibustion for myocardial injury by exhaustive exercise.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen SD male rats were randomly divided into a blank group, an exhaustive exercise group and a moxibustion group, 6 rats in each one. Rats in the blank group were treated with immobilization for 5 min per day, without any intervention. Rats in the exhaustive exercise group were treated with no intervention in the first 10 days. Rats in the moxibustion group were treated with moxibustion at "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Guanyuan" (CV 4), 5 cones for each acupoint, for 10 days.On 11th day, rats in the exhaustive exercise group and moxibustion group were sacrificed to collect sample after exhaustive swimming, and time of exhaustive exercise was recorded. HE staining was used to observe the inflammatory changes of myocardial tissue; colorimetric method was used to measure lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA); immune suppression method was used to measure the content of creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) in serum; Elisa method was used to measure the content of troponinT (cTnT) in serum; western blot method was applied to measure the content of AMPKα2 and mTOR in myocardial tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The time of exhaustive exercise was (4 831.17±689.88) s in the moxibustion group, which was longer than (3 509.50±1 232.49) s in the exhaustive exercise group (<0.05); HE staining indicated structure of the myocardium was clear and inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced in the moxibustion group. Compared with the blank group, the contents of serum LDH, CK-MB, cTnT were increased in the exhaustive exercise group (all<0.05); MDA content was increased and SOD activity was decreased (both<0.05); the AMPK α2 content in myocardial tissue was increased and the mTOR content was decreased (both<0.05). Compared with the exhaustive exercise group, the contents of serum LDH, CK-MB, cTnT were reduced in the moxibustion group (all<0.05); MDA content was decreased and SOD activity was increased (both<0.05); the AMPKα2 content in myocardial tissue was increased, and the mTOR content was decreased (both<0.05); AMPKα2 and mTOR were negatively correlated (=-0.764,<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Preventative moxibustion is likely to regulate the expression of AMPK and mTOR to induce signaling pathway to recover myocardial injury by exhaustive exercise.</p>
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Objective To investigate the effect of acupoint 830 nm semiconductor laser irradiation on skeletal muscle SOD and MDA contents in exhaustive exercise rats.Methods Rats did exhaustive eccentric exercise by downhill treadmill running. Rats were randomized into a blank group (group A), a model group (group B), a pre-exercise semiconductor laser pre-irradiation group (group C), a post-exercise laser irradiation group (group D) and a pre- and post-exercise laser irradiation combination group (group E). Except the blank group, each of the other groups was again divided into 24 h and 48 h subgroups, and there were groups B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1 and E2, 8 rats each. Group B rats did one exhaustive exercise by treadmill running. Group C rats received laser pre-irradiation for 7 days before they did exhaustive exercise. Group D rats received laser irradiation after the exercise. Group E rats received laser pre-irradiation for 7 days before treadmill running and combined laser irradiation after the exercise. Specimens were taken in groups B1, C1, D1 and E1 at 24 h after the exercise and in groups B2, C2, D2 and E2 at 48 h after the exercise. A 830 nm semiconductor laser transmitter was used for laser irradiation. Point Chengshan was selected in the rats. Skeletal muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in every group before and after treatment.Results There was a statistically significant difference in muscular MDA content between group B1, D1, B2 or C2 and group A (P<0.05) and between group D2 or E2 and group B2 (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in muscular SOD content between group B1, C1, D1 or B2 and group A (P<0.05) and between group C2, D2 or E2 and group B2 (P<0.05).Conclusion Acupoint 830 nm semiconductor laser irradiation can restore unbalanced oxidation-reduction reactions.
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Objective To observe the effect of exhaustive exercise on the function of the kidney in rats and explore the mechanism. Methods Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sedentary control group (group C) and exhaustive exercise group (group E). They were measured the urine protein, uric acid, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen after exercise. The reactive oxygen species, inducible ni-tric oxide synthase, nitro tyrosine in kidney, and nephrin protein in the kidney were detected with fluorescent probe and Western blotting, re-spectively, and observed under Harris staining. Results There were significant differences between groups C and E in urine protein, uric ac-id, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and nephrin protein (P<0.05). The glomerular morphology and the deformation of capillary basement membrane were found under the fluorescence microscope in group E. Conclusion Exhaustive exercise may damage the structure of kidney in rats, which may associate with oxidative stress.
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Objective To observe the effect of exhaustive exercise preconditioning on GAP?43 and Nogo?A in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Methods 90 rats were randomly divided into sham oper?ation group,group of cerebral ischemia reperfusion(I/R) and exhaustive exercise preconditioning group.Rats were sacrificed at 6 h,1 d,3 d and 7 d respectively after injury. Neural functions were detected by shuttle box. Morphological changes of hippocampal neural cells were observed by HE staining. Expressions of GAP?43 and Nogo?A were detected respectively by immunohistochemistry and RT?PCR technology. Re?sults Compared with the sham group,the death rate of apoptotic neurons in I/R group was decreased( 6 h:(30.97±2.09)%,1 d:(38.41±1.10)%,3 d:(46.81±2.04)%,1 d:(43.46±1.57)%),the index of learning and memory ability(AARR?7 d:(38.00±12.60)%,PAL?7 d:(27.90±1.79)s) and expression of GAP?43 were decreased(6 h:(2.89±0.85),1 d:(4.06±0.25),3 d:(4.78±0.98),7 d:(7.02±0.21)),the expression of Nogo?A was increased(6 h:(2.93±0.19),1 d:(5.47±0.32),3 d:(4.62±0.26),7 d:(4.12±1.11))(P<0.05).Compared with I/R group,the death rate of apoptotic neurons in exhaustive exercise preconditioning group were decreased,the index of learning and memory ability(AARR?7 d:(20.66±7.60)%,PAL?7 d:(35.53±2.41)s) and expression of GAP?43 were decreased(6 h:(2.03±0.14),1 d:(2.92±0.27),3 d:(3.35±0.34),7 d:(5.24±0.52)),the expression of Nogo?A were increased(6 h:(3.92±0.51),1 d:(6.90± 0.79),3 d:(5.87±0.48),7 d:(5.37±0.50))(P<0.05). Conclusion Exhaustive exercise preconditioning ag? gravates the injury of neurons and neural function,which is related to the regulation of GAP?43 and Nogo?A in the hippocampus of rats.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of myocardium connexin 43 (Cx43) in late exercise preconditioning (LEP) cardioprotection.Methods: Eight-week-old adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=8). Myocardial injury was judged in accordance with serum levels of cTnⅠ and NT-proBNP as well as hematoxylin basicfuchsin picric acid staining of myocardium.Cx43mRNA was detected byin situhybridization and qualified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Cx43 protein was localized by immunohistochemistry and its expression level was determined by western blotting.Results:The LEP obviously attenuated the myocardial ischemia/hypoxia injury caused by exhaustive exercise. There was no significant difference of Cx43mRNA level between the four groups. Cx43 protein level was decreased significantly in group EE (P<0.05). However, LEP produced a significant increase in Cx43 protein level (P<0.05), and the decreased Cx43 protein level in exhaustive exercise was significantly up-regulated by LEP (P<0.05).Conclusions:LEP protects rat heart against exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury by up-regulating the expression of myocardial Cx43.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression of myocardium connexin 43 (Cx43) in late exercise preconditioning (LEP) cardioprotection.@*METHODS@#Eight-week-old adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 8). Myocardial injury was judged in accordance with serum levels of cTnⅠ and NT-proBNP as well as hematoxylin basicfuchsin picric acid staining of myocardium. Cx43 mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization and qualified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Cx43 protein was localized by immunohistochemistry and its expression level was determined by western blotting.@*RESULTS@#The LEP obviously attenuated the myocardial ischemia/hypoxia injury caused by exhaustive exercise. There was no significant difference of Cx43 mRNA level between the four groups. Cx43 protein level was decreased significantly in group EE (P < 0.05). However, LEP produced a significant increase in Cx43 protein level (P < 0.05), and the decreased Cx43 protein level in exhaustive exercise was significantly up-regulated by LEP (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#LEP protects rat heart against exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury by up-regulating the expression of myocardial Cx43.
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@# Objective To explore the effetc of different intensity of exercise on learning ablility and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Methods 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, aerobic exercise preconditioning group and exhaustive exercise preconditioning group. The morphological changes of neural cells in hippocampus were observed with HE staining, the learning ablility was assessed with shuttle box, the activity of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde level in hippocampus were measured with hydroxylamine method and TBA method respectively 1, 3, 7 days after injury. Results The number of survival neurons, active avoidance reaction and activity of superoxide dismutase decreased, and the latency of passive avoidance and malondialdehyde levels increased in all the other groups compare with the sham group (P<0.001). Further more, the number of surviving neurons, active avoidance reaction rate and the activity of superoxide dismutase were less in the I/R group than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and more than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), while the latency of passive avoidance and the level of malondialdehyde was more than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and less than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001). Conclusion Regular aerobic exercise is beneficial to protect the learning ability from cerebral I/R in rats, but exhaustive exercise may be negative, which may associated with the metabolism of oxygen free radical in hippocampus impacted by exercise.
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Objective To explore the effetc of different intensity of exercise on learning ablility and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Methods 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, aerobic exercise preconditioning group and exhaustive exercise preconditioning group. The morphological changes of neural cells in hippo-campus were observed with HE staining, the learning ablility was assessed with shuttle box, the activity of superoxide dismutase and malo-ndialdehyde level in hippocampus were measured with hydroxylamine method and TBA method respectively 1, 3, 7 days after injury. Re-sults The number of survival neurons, active avoidance reaction and activity of superoxide dismutase decreased, and the latency of passive avoidance and malondialdehyde levels increased in all the other groups compare with the sham group (P<0.001). Further more, the number of surviving neurons, active avoidance reaction rate and the activity of superoxide dismutase were less in the I/R group than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and more than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), while the latency of passive avoidance and the level of malondialdehyde was more than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and less than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001). Conclusion Regular aerobic exercise is beneficial to protect the learning ability from cerebral I/R in rats, but exhaustive exercise may be negative, which may associated with the metabolism of oxygen free radical in hip-pocampus impacted by exercise.
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Objective: To investigate the expression of myocardium connexin 43 (Cx43) in late exercise preconditioning (LEP) cardioprotection. Methods: Eight-week-old adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 8). Myocardial injury was judged in accordance with serum levels of cTn[U+2160] and NT-proBNP as well as hematoxylin basicfuchsin picric acid staining of myocardium. Cx43 mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization and qualified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Cx43 protein was localized by immunohistochemistry and its expression level was determined by western blotting. Results: The LEP obviously attenuated the myocardial ischemia/hypoxia injury caused by exhaustive exercise. There was no significant difference of Cx43 mRNA level between the four groups. Cx43 protein level was decreased significantly in group EE (P < 0.05). However, LEP produced a significant increase in Cx43 protein level (P < 0.05), and the decreased Cx43 protein level in exhaustive exercise was significantly up-regulated by LEP (P < 0.05). Conclusions: LEP protects rat heart against exhaustive exercise-induced myocardial injury by up-regulating the expression of myocardial Cx43.